https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za2023-09-01 10:41:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/avoid_guardian_fundProtect Your Children's Inheritances from the Guardian's Fund - Learn how to safeguard your loved ones' financial future with a professionally drawn will. Find out how to prevent your children's inheritances from ending up in the Guardian's Fund. Get expert advice and guidance to ensure your family's security.2023-07-20 08:56:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/an-overview-of-memorandum-of-incorporation-moi-and-shareholders-agreement-sha-in-south-african-company-lawUnderstanding Memorandum of Incorporation (MOI) and Shareholders Agreement (SHA) in South African Company Law. Learn about their roles, differences, and the legal implications under the Companies Act. Discover the relevance of SHA's in governing private companies and drafting considerations for effective agreements. Get insights into the hierarchical order, conflicts, and the significance of maintaining privacy and confidentiality. Stay informed on how these legal documents safeguard shareholders' rights and responsibilities within the company.2023-07-20 08:38:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/contract_interpretaion_sa-parol_evidence_ruleUnderstanding the intricacies of contract interpretation in South Africa can be a formidable task for the legal system. The courts face the delicate balance of considering legislation, public policy, and constitutional rights while developing the law. One crucial aspect that has recently undergone scrutiny is the application of the parol evidence rule. The parol evidence rule, a fundamental principle in common law, restricts the admission of extrinsic evidence during legal proceedings. This evidence aims to contradict, add to, or modify the contents of a written contract. Its purpose is to safeguard the integrity of written agreements and prevent potential ambiguities. Interpreting contracts requires a careful examination of the parties' intentions and the contract's context. Striking the right balance between adhering to the contract's terms and considering surrounding circumstances can be challenging. Recent cases have shed light on the complexities of contract interpretation in South Africa. In the case of Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality, the court emphasized the significance of analyzing surrounding circumstances and the contract's background. The goal is to arrive at sensible and businesslike decisions while interpreting the contract. However, specific guidance on what extrinsic evidence would be deemed inadmissible was not provided, leaving room for further exploration.2023-03-29 10:44:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/dirco-all-you-need-to-knowThe Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) is a South African government department responsible for the country’s foreign policy and diplomatic relations with other nations and international organisations. Established in 1994, DIRCO's mission is to promote and protect South Africa's national interests, advance its foreign policy objectives and contribute to a peaceful and prosperous world.2023-03-26 07:47:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/insolvency-consultationInsolvency is a serious matter that can have significant consequences for individuals and businesses alike. At times, insolvency consultation or online evaluation with an attorney may be necessary to help navigate the complex legal and financial issues involved.2023-03-25 17:36:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/proving-claims-against-insolvent-estatesTo prove a claim against an insolvent estate, the claim must be a liquidated claim that arose before the date of sequestration and existed at that date, and did not prescribe at that date. A liquidated claim is a claim for a certain amount that has been determined through an agreement, a court judgment, or other means. Non-liquidated claims may be tendered at a meeting of creditors and deemed proved against the estate if the trustee has compromised or admitted them, or if they have been settled by a court judgment.2023-03-25 17:32:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/rehabilitation-following-sequestration-costing-r15-000Rehabilitation marks the end of sequestration for an insolvent individual and releases them from all disabilities arising from the sequestration. It also discharges all debts owed by the insolvent that were due or had arisen before the sequestration. Rehabilitation is possible if specific requirements are met.2023-03-25 17:24:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-is-voluntary-sequestrationSequestration is the act of voluntarily surrendering your financial affairs to the Master of the High Court in accordance with the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. This process involves an attorney and advocate working on behalf of the debtor to apply for sequestration in the High Court of South Africa. It is usually a last resort for those facing insurmountable debt due to circumstances beyond their control. If granted, the debtor (the applicant) can have up to 80% of their debt written off, providing much-needed relief.2023-03-25 17:15:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/voluntary-liquidation-of-a-companyThis article discusses the meaning of voluntary liquidation and its implications for businesses. Voluntary liquidation is a legal process that involves formally closing a business and distributing its assets to creditors or shareholders. The process entails several steps, such as document preparation, liquidator appointment, meetings with creditors and shareholders, claim verification, asset realization, and proceeds distribution to creditors. When a company is insolvent, meaning it cannot pay its debts, liquidation may be the only viable option.2023-03-25 17:04:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/some-key-points-to-consider-regarding-family-trustsTrusts generally have a wide application and can be customised to meet specific needs. Reasons to establish a trust include: Providing for minor beneficiaries financially and otherwise Honoring maintenance commitments in divorce orders and settlements Providing for disabled dependents or aged parents Protecting and preserving assets for the next generation Serving as a holding vehicle for assets as part of estate planning structuring Providing a regular income for favorite charities (public benefit organizations) Providing for the dependents of a deceased employee2023-03-25 16:56:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/special-needs-trustThe introduction of the Special Trust by SARS has brought about more favorable tax treatment for certain trusts. Unlike traditional trusts that are taxed at a flat rate, Special Trusts are taxed on the same sliding scale as natural persons. SARS recognizes two types of Special Trusts for tax purposes: Special Trust Type A: This trust is created solely for the benefit of a person or persons with a mental or physical disability, as defined in Section 6B(1) of the Income Tax Act. The disability makes it impossible for the beneficiary/beneficiaries to earn enough money to care for themselves or manage their finances. If there is more than one qualifying beneficiary, they must be related to each other. These trusts can be created either through a will or during the creator's lifetime, and sometimes as a result of a court order in favor of a specific natural person with a disability to assist in the management of their affairs.2023-03-25 16:51:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-is-a-bewind-trustAccording to SARS, a vested trust (also known as a bewind trust) is a type of trust where the founder transfers ownership of assets to the beneficiaries of the trust, while the trustees are responsible for administering and controlling those assets. In this type of trust, the beneficiaries are considered the owners of the trust assets.2023-03-25 16:48:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-is-an-testamentary-trustTestamentary trusts, also known as will trusts, are established after the death of the person who created them. They are typically used to protect the interests of minors or other dependents who are unable to manage their own affairs. In South Africa, testamentary trusts are commonly set up to hold assets on behalf of minor children who are unable to inherit under the law.2023-03-25 16:43:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-is-an-inter-vivos-trustAn inter vivos trust is a type of trust that is established by a person during their lifetime to manage specific assets or investments and provide support to beneficiaries, typically family members. The primary purpose of this type of trust is usually to generate income for the beneficiaries and to provide funding for various needs such as housing, care, education, and general welfare.2023-03-25 16:35:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/consider-the-following-before-setting-up-a-family-trustSetting up a trust can be an excellent way to protect your assets, but it requires careful consideration before taking the plunge. In this article, we will provide you with some tips on how to set up a trust correctly. Before you create a trust, make sure that it fits into your overall estate plan. A trust is a legal structure that allows you to transfer assets to a third party, the trustee, who holds and manages those assets for the benefit of the trust's beneficiaries.2023-03-25 16:04:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/uae-embassy-document-attestationAt Louwrens Koen Attorneys, we offer embassy attestation services in Pretoria, South Africa, that help our clients complete their transactions with ease. Our services are not only reliable but also affordable, ensuring that our clients get the best value for their money. Our team of professionals is well-versed with the requirements for attestation and ensures that all documents are processed accurately and efficiently. UAE embassy attestation is necessary for individuals and businesses that wish to conduct transactions in the UAE or use their documents in the country. We understand that the process can be tedious and time-consuming, which is why we offer our clients a hassle-free and efficient service.2023-03-25 15:51:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/louwrens-koen-document-legalisation-services-pretoria-south-africaAre you planning to travel overseas for work or study? Do you need to have your documents legalised and attested by an embassy before you can use them in a foreign country? If so, you may be wondering where to turn for help. That's where Louwrens Koen Attorneys comes in. Our document legalisation and embassy attestation service in Pretoria, South Africa, can help you get your paperwork in order so that you can focus on your travels with peace of mind.2023-03-25 15:40:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/a-comprehensive-guide-to-document-authentication-in-south-africaDocument authentication is a crucial process that involves verifying the authenticity of legal documents. In South Africa, the Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) is responsible for document authentication. The process of document authentication can be a daunting task, but with the right information and guidance, it can be done with ease. In this comprehensive guide, we will provide you with all the information you need to know about document authentication in South Africa.2023-03-25 15:29:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/document-authentication-service-pretoria-dirco-high-court-sometimes-an-embassy-in-pretoriaAt our document authentication service, we understand the importance of having your legal documents properly authenticated. Whether you're a business owner seeking to expand your operations overseas, or an individual applying for a visa, we can help you obtain the necessary authentication from the relevant authorities. Located in Pretoria, South Africa, we offer a comprehensive range of document authentication services, including authentication at the Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO), the High Court, and sometimes even an embassy in Pretoria.2023-03-25 15:22:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-are-notarised-copiesNotarised copies are photocopies of original documents that have been verified and certified as true copies by a notary public. The notary public checks the authenticity of the document against the original and then stamps and signs the copy to indicate its validity. Why might you need a notarised copy? There are various reasons why you might require notarized copies of documents. These include:2023-03-25 11:55:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-does-an-apostille-from-south-africa-look-likeWhat does an apostille from South Africa look like? An apostille from South Africa is a square-shaped sticker that is affixed to the document. The apostille includes the following information: Country: South Africa Name of the person signing the document Capacity in which the person signed the document Place where the document was signed Date when the document was signed Name of the authority issuing the apostille Apostille registration number Seal or stamp of the authority issuing the apostille2023-03-25 11:47:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/hague-apostille-convention-simplifying-document-authentication-for-international-useThe Hague Apostille Convention, formally known as the Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents, is an international treaty that simplifies the process of authenticating public documents for use abroad. It was adopted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law in 1961 and has been ratified by over 120 countries, including South Africa.2023-03-25 11:36:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/high-court-apostille-and-authentication-serviceWelcome to our comprehensive guide on High Court Apostille Services. As a reliable and efficient service provider, we understand the importance of having your documents legalized for international use. That's why we offer you an expedited and hassle-free solution for your apostille needs. In this guide, we will provide you with a detailed understanding of the high court apostille service, the process involved, and why you should choose our services over others.2023-03-21 09:14:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/expunge-your-south-african-criminal-record-with-louwrens-koen-attorneysIf you have a criminal record in South Africa, it can be a significant barrier to your future prospects. Even a minor offense can hinder your ability to find employment, housing, and travel. However, with the help of Louwrens Koen Attorneys, you can expunge your criminal record and move forward with your life. At Louwrens Koen Attorneys, we understand how important it is to have a clean slate. Our team of legal professionals has years of experience helping individuals expunge their criminal records, and we are committed to providing you with the support and guidance you need throughout the process.2023-03-18 05:58:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/apostille-certificate-services-south-africa-louwrens-koen-attorneysAt Louwrens Koen Attorneys, we offer efficient apostille and embassy attestation services to help you legalize your South African documents for use overseas. Whether you need document authentication, legalisation, or attestation, we provide a complete service for all South African documents. Our Apostille Certificate Services South-Africa is designed to assist with official purposes outside of South Africa, such as for work, business, legal issues, personal matters, foreign property purchases, and more.2023-03-18 05:52:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/notary-copies-pretoria-louwrens-koen-attorneysTrue Copy or Notarized copy. What is it? This is a photocopy of an original document which is verified by a notary public to be an accurate copy of the original. This is done when an official document (such as an ID, government papers, educational credentials etc.) needs to be provided/submitted to a third party. Often the original document is one of kind and it becomes impractical to give it away. Normal photocopies could be doctored or altered. The notarised copy of the original document is objective evidence of the accuracy of the image. We will need to inspect the original document.2023-03-18 05:49:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/travelling-notary-public-service-louwrens-koen-attorneysIf you can’t get to us, we can travel to you. Submit the online form with your request. Use the incorporated facility in the form to safely upload a scan of the document for us to check. We will get back to you with a quote. We do charge a reasonable call out fee and will advise on the cost during our response. We can travel to office address or any safe destination of your choosing.2023-03-18 05:45:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/notary-document-drafting-service-pretoria-louwrens-koen-attorneysWe draft and prepare all kinds of documents. Some examples include: Statutory Declarations Affidavits of all kinds Child Travel Consent Letters Same Name Affidavits Power of Attorney (for property & personal care) Wills & Estate Documents Legal Agreements Antenuptial Contracts Cohabitation Notarial Agreements Notarial Bonds Ships Protests Cessions2023-03-18 05:39:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/notary-signature-service-pretoria-louwrens-koen-attorneysIf you are required to sign the document, you need it Notarised then the document must be signed in the presence of the Notary, do not sign the document and then send it to us. We will not be able to assist. If you need a signature, then for our notary to help you, you must bring along your ID or Passport.2023-03-18 05:35:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/notary-services-pretoria-louwrens-koen-attorneysWalk-In Notary Public Services to individuals, large and small businesses. Louwrens Koen Attorneys offer a full range of Notarial Services, including taking declarations and affidavits, certification of original documents, verification of identity, corporate verification, obtaining of Authentications or Apostilles from the Department of Foreign Affairs (DIRCO) and the High Court and obtaining legalisation of documents from South African based Embassies or Consulates.2023-03-18 05:31:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-is-a-section-6-1-statement-marriage-out-of-community-of-property-with-implementation-of-the-accrual-systemThis article discusses the Section 6(1) statement which requires a separate declaration of the net commencement value in an antenuptial contract. Under Section 6(1) of Act 88 of 1984, parties have six months from the start of their marriage to declare the net commencement value of their respective estates. If this value was not included in the antenuptial contract, the parties can execute a statement (notarially) in compliance with this section. The statement is not lodged or registered at the deeds office, but is kept by the notary in their protocol.2023-03-18 05:21:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/does-getting-married-affect-my-credit-rating-beware-the-negative-credit-score-risks-of-marrying-in-community-of-propertyIf you get married in community of property, your credit rating will be affected. In this type of marriage, both spouses are jointly and severally liable for any debt incurred by either party, regardless of whether it was incurred before or after the marriage.2023-03-18 05:14:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/misconceptions-about-antenuptial-contractsAs a South African attorney who cares deeply about the well-being of couples getting married, I have noticed a recurring pattern at the various marriage expos we attend every year. Many couples seem unaware of the importance of discussing and understanding the legal implications of marriage, especially when it comes to antenuptial contracts.2023-03-18 05:00:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/faq-antenuptial-contractsFrequently asked questions relating to matrimonial property regimes and the registration of an antenuptial contract. Article by Louwrens Koen2023-03-18 04:51:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/compare-your-matrimonial-property-choices-before-getting-marriedComparison table setting out the differences in matrimonial property regimes in South Africa.2023-03-18 04:45:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/the-pro-s-and-cons-of-antenuptial-contractsIf you don’t draw up an antenuptial agreement in South Africa then your marriage automatically defaults to ‘in community of property’, and the state assumes that all assets and liabilities will be shared – ‘everything which is mine is yours, and everything which is yours is mine’.2023-03-18 04:38:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/are-you-planning-to-tie-the-knot-soon-why-you-should-consider-the-registration-of-an-antenuptial-contractThere are several benefits to having a marriage out of community of property. For instance, neither party will be held responsible for the debts of the other spouse, whether incurred before or during the marriage.2023-03-18 04:20:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/antenuptial-contract-with-accrual-explainedIn this article, we will explain what an antenuptial contract with accrual is, why it is important, and how to draft one.2023-03-18 04:09:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/understanding-the-importance-of-estate-planning2023-03-16 09:00:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/how-to-legalise-my-tefl-certificate-in-south-africa-step-by-step-guideWhen offered a job teaching English abroad, you will be asked to legalise your TEFL certificate. "Legalisation" is a way of proving to foreign governments and employers that your official documents are genuine. While legalisation takes a bit of time, effort, and money, it is relatively straightforward. If you'd like to follow this process, use our step-by-step guide to help you legalise your TEFL certificate. However, we always recommend Louwrens Koen Attorneys, a notary public and law firm located in Pretoria, South Africa, that will complete all the below steps for you (much easier!). To legalise a TEFL certificate in South Africa when applying to teach English overseas, follow these steps:2023-03-15 08:40:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/the-ultimate-guide-to-apostille-and-document-legalisation-servicesIf you are planning to move abroad, study, work or conduct business in another country, you may be required to provide certain documents that have been legalised or authenticated. This process can be complex and time-consuming, especially if you are unfamiliar with the procedures involved. In this guide, we will provide you with all the information you need to know about apostille and document legalisation services in Pretoria.2023-03-15 08:03:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/pretoria-apostille-certificate-serviceLouwrens Koen Attorneys provides a fast apostille service to assist you in legalising your South African documents for use overseas. The Apostille Certificate is normally requested by foreign authorities and organisations so that the document can be used for official purposes outside of South Africa. It is also called document legalisation2021-10-19 09:03:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/when-documents-intended-for-use-in-south-africa-are-signed-outside-of-our-borders2021-08-24 09:47:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/conveyancer-s-certificate-why-it-is-needed-and-where-do-i-get-itBefore approving plans for the development of a property or for amendment of the use rights associated with a property, a municipality will call for a Conveyancer’s Certificate.2021-08-10 09:50:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/things-to-consider-when-purchasing-a-homeBuying a home is not something you do on impulse - often it takes years of planning and saving to be able to achieve. Here are the three main factors that will impact your ability to afford a home2021-08-03 09:49:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/cybercrime-actUnder the Cybercrimes Act, people partaking in the sharing of malicious content via communication platform, or any other form of social media may be fined or imprisoned if it can be proven that the messages sent are of a threatening nature or reveal intimate content.2021-07-30 14:52:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/minority-shareholder-rights-in-a-private-companyWhere decisions are validly taken, but a minority shareholder is of the opinion that other shareholders are oppressive and unfairly disregarding their interests, they have the option of approaching the court and applying for a relief in terms of Section 163 of the Companies Act. Section 163(1) sets out instances in terms of which a shareholder or director can approach the court ...2021-07-30 14:41:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/does-your-pension-payments-form-part-of-your-insolvent-estateUpon the sequestration of an individual, the estate of such individual vests with the Master, until a Trustee is appointed for the estate. Thereafter the estate vests in the Trustee. Section 20 of the Insolvency Act regards the following as being part of the estate: “(a) all property of the insolvent at the date of the sequestration, including property or the proceeds thereof which are in the hands of a sheriff or a messenger under writ of attachment; (b) all property which the insolvent may acquire or which may accrue to him during the sequestration….”2021-07-30 14:33:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/the-information-officer-and-popia-what-you-need-to-knowThe Information Regulator sees the role of the Information Officer as a vital aspect of the overall compliance of an organisation and I a sense as an extension of the Information Regulator within the organisation to ensure compliance by the organisation.2021-06-21 09:09:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/popia-will-your-business-be-compliantThis legislation, among other things, promotes the protection of personal information processed by public and private bodies, introduces minimum requirements for the processing of personal information, outlines the rights of data subjects, regulates the cross-border flow of personal information, introduces mandatory obligations to report and notify data breach incidents, and imposes statutory penalties for violations of the law. If yours is a business that collects and processes personal information of South Africans, you have just a few more weeks, until 30 June this year, to ensure that you are compliant with POPIA.2021-05-30 07:06:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/what-is-prescription-of-debt2021-05-19 13:26:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/deed-of-sal-explainedWhat is an contract? A contract is an agreement between two or more people in terms of which one party offers to do, deliver or not do something, and the other part accepts this offer. Usually, the party who accepts the offer must remunerate the other party or do something in exchange.2021-05-19 12:25:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/how-valid-is-an-electronic-signatureThere are certain exceptions, such as the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981 and the Wills Act 7 of 1953 which require certain formalities to be met in order for such an agreement to be valid and are excluded in terms of the ECTA. One can also specifically exclude the ECTA from applying to a contract, meaning that although in law you could sign the agreement with a digital signature, the contract itself prohibits this.2020-09-02 00:00:00https://www.louwrens-koen.co.za/legal-blog-louwrens-koen-attorneys/popia-what-does-it-involveTechnology risks covers a wide range of possibilities, including action by cyber criminals in a ransomware attack, corruption or loss of data through a malware attack, hacking of your network or individual digital devices and other techniques. Identifying the risk is not enough: each risk needs to be assessed for the potential and likelihood that it might strike at your business and be addressed accordingly.